What Is Object-Oriented Programming?

Since object-oriented programming was fundamental to the development of C++, it is important to define precisely what object-oriented programming is. Object-oriented programming has taken the best ideas of structured programming and has combined them with several powerful concepts that allow you to organize your programs more effectively. In general, when programming in an object-oriented fashion, you decompose a problem into its constituent parts. Each component becomes a self-contained object that contains its own instructions and data related to that object. Through this process, complexity is reduced and you can manage larger programs. All object-oriented programming languages have three things in common: encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance. Although we will examine these concepts in detail later in this book, let’s take a brief look at them now.

Encapsulation

As you probably know, all programs are composed of two fundamental elements: program statements (code) and data. Code is that part of a program that performs actions, and data is the information affected by those actions. Encapsulation is a programming mechanism that binds together code and the data it manipulates, and that keeps both safe from outside interference and misuse. In an object-oriented language, code and data may be bound together in such a way that a self-contained black box is created. Within the box are all necessary data and code. When code and data are linked together in this fashion, an object is created. In other words, an object is the device that supports encapsulation. Within an object, the code, data, or both may be private to that object or public. Private code or data is known to, and accessible only by, another part of the object. That is, private code or data may not be accessed by a piece of the program that exists outside the object. When code or data is public, other parts of your program may access it, even though it is defined within an object. Typically, the public parts of an object are used to provide a controlled interface to the private elements of the object.

Polymorphism

Polymorphism (from the Greek, meaning “many forms”) is the quality that allows one interface to be used for a general class of actions. The specific action is determined by the exact nature of the situation. A simple example of polymorphism is found in the steering wheel of an automobile. The steering wheel (i.e., the interface) is the same no matter what type of actual steering mechanism is used. That is, the steering wheel works the same whether your car has manual steering, power steering, or rack-and-pinion steering. Therefore, once you know how to operate the steering wheel, you can drive any type of car. The same principle can also apply to programming. For example, consider a stack (which is a first-in, last-out list). You might have a program that requires three different types of stacks. One stack is used for integer values, one for floating-point values, and one for characters.

In this case, the algorithm that implements each stack is the same, even though the data being stored differs. In a non-object-oriented language, you would be required to create three different sets of stack routines, calling each set by a different name, with each set having its own interface. However, because of polymorphism, in C++ you can create one general set of stack routines (one interface) that works for all three specific situations. This way, once you now how to use one stack, you can use them all. More generally, the concept of polymorphism is often expressed by the phrase “one interface, multiple methods.” This means that it is possible to design a generic interface to a group of related activities. Polymorphism helps reduce complexity by allowing the same interface to be used to specify a general class of action. It is the compiler’s job to select the specific action (i.e., method) as it applies to each situation.

You, the programmer, don’t need to do this selection manually. You need only remember and utilize the general interface. The first object-oriented programming languages were interpreters, so polymorphism was, of course, supported at run time. However, C++ is a compiled language. Therefore, in C++, both run-time and compile-time polymorphism are supported.

Inheritance

Inheritance is the process by which one object can acquire the properties of another object. The reason this is important is that it supports the concept of hierarchical classification. If you think about it, most knowledge is made manageable by hierarchical (i.e., top-down) classifications. For example, a Red Delicious apple is part of the classification apple, which in turn is part of the fruit class, which is under the larger class food. That is, the food class possesses certain qualities (edible, nutritious, etc.) that also apply, logically, to its fruit subclass. In addition to these qualities, the fruit class has specific characteristics (juicy, sweet, etc.) that distinguish it from other food. The apple class defines those qualities specific to an apple (grows on trees, not tropical, etc.).

A Red Delicious apple would, in turn, inherit all the qualities of all preceding classes, and would define only those qualities that make it unique. Without the use of hierarchies, each object would have to explicitly define all of its characteristics. However, using inheritance, an object needs to define only those qualities that make it unique within its class. It can inherit its general attributes from its parent. Thus, it is the inheritance mechanism that makes it possible for one object to be a specific instance of a more general case.

C++ Implements OOP

As you will see as you progress through this book, many of the features of C++ exist to provide support for encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance. Remember, however, that you can use C++ to write any type of program, using any type of approach. The fact that C++ supports object-oriented programming does not mean that you can only write object-oriented programs. As with its predecessor, C, one of C++’s strongest advantages is its flexibility.

An Overview of C++

one no element exists in isolation. Rather, the components of the language work together. It is this interrelatedness that makes it difficult to discuss one aspect of C++ without involving another. To help overcome this problem, this chapter provides a brief overview of several core C++ features, including the general form of a C++ program, some simple control statements, variables, and operators. It does not go into too many details, but rather concentrates on the general concepts common to all C++ programs. Most of the topics presented here are examined more closely in later chapters. Since learning is best accomplished by doing, it is recommended that you work through the examples using your computer.

Your First C++ Program

Before getting into any theory, let’s look at a simple C++ program. We will start by

Entering, compiling, and running the following program.

/* Program #1 - A first C++ program.

Enter this program, then compile and run it.

#include < iostream>

using namespace std;

// main () is where program execution begins.

Int main()

{

cout << "This is my first C++ program.";

return 0;

}

You will follow these steps.

1. Enter the program.

2. Compile the program.

3. Execute the program.

Before beginning, it is necessary to define two terms. The first is source code. Source code is the version of your program that humans can read. The preceding listing is an example of source code. The executable version of your program is called object code or executable code. Object code is created by the compiler when it compiles your program.

Complete Package of C++

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